Nawaz Sharif

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Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif میاں محمد نواز شریف
13th & 18th Prime Minister of Pakistan
In office 17 February 1997 – 12 October 1999
President	Farooq Leghari Wasim Sajjad
Preceded by	Malik Meraj Khalid
Succeeded by	Zafarullah Khan Jamali
In office 26 May 1993 – 18 July 1993
President	Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Preceded by	Balakh Sher Mazari
Succeeded by	Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi
In office 06 November 1990 – 18 April 1993
President	Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Preceded by	Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
Succeeded by	Balakh Sher Mazari
Born	25 December 1949 (1949-12-25) (age 59) Lahore, Pakistan
Political party	PML
Religion	Sunni Islam

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, also known as Nawaz Sharif, (Punjabi, Urdu: میاں محمد نواز شریف) (born December 25, 1949 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan) is a Pakistani politician and businessman. He was twice elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non-consecutive terms, the first from November 1, 1990 to July 18, 1993 and the second from February 17, 1997 to October 12, 1999. His party is the Pakistan Muslim League (N) (Nawaz group). He is best known internationally for ordering Pakistan's 1998 nuclear tests in response to India’s nuclear tests,^[1] and the abrupt end of his final term in a dramatic coup by General Pervez Musharraf. Nawaz Sharif is currently a political leader in Pakistan.

Contents 1 Early life 2 Chief Minister of Punjab 3 Prime Minister 3.1 First term 3.2 Second term 3.3 Relations with the military 3.4 Pakistan's nuclear tests 3.5 The Lahore Declaration 3.6 Kargil Conflict 3.7 Proposition of an Islamic society based on the Quran 4 Military coup 4.1 Hijacking and terrorism conviction 4.2 Corruption conviction 5 Return to Pakistan 2007 6 2008 elections 6.1 Assassination of Benazir Bhutto 6.2 Resignations from the Coalition Government 7 2008 Musharraf impeachment 7.1 Presidential election 7.2 Reinstatement of Judges 8 Ineligibility to contest 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Early life

Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was born in Lahore on December 25, 1949.^[2] He is the eldest son of Muhammad Sharif, a joint owner of the Ittefaq Group of Industries. His family to traced to Shopian in the Kashmir valley.

Nawaz Sharif got his schooling from Saint Anthony's High School. After graduating from Government College Lahore, he obtained his Law Degree from the Punjab University.

[edit] Chief Minister of Punjab

On April 9, 1985, he was sworn-in as Chief Minister of Punjab. On May 31, 1988, he was appointed caretaker Chief Minister, after the dismissal of Assemblies by General Zia. Nawaz Sharif was again elected as Chief Minister after the 1988 general elections. A massive uplift of Murree and Kahuta was undertaken during his term as Chief Minister of Punjab. He became close to Shaykh Tahir Alauddin and was seen in his gatherings along with Dr Tahir-ul-Qadri very often.^[3]

[edit] Prime Minister

[edit] First term

Sharif first became Prime Minister on November 1, 1990, running on a platform of right wing conservatives and vowing for an end to corruption.^[4] In 1992 he commenced Operation Clean-up in the city of Karachi, a military operation targeting the Mohajir Qaumi Movement. His government was sacked on April 18, 1993, when President Ghulam Ishaq Khan used the reserve powers vested in him by the Eighth Amendment to dissolve the National Assembly on charges of corruption, nepotism, extrajudicial killings and victimisation of opponents, appointing Mir Balakh Sher Mazari as the caretaker prime minister. Six weeks later, Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled that the Presidential order was unconstitutional, reconstituting the National Assembly and returning Sharif to power on May 26. Army stepped in asking Sharif to resign but negotiated settlement resulted in both Shareef along with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to resign on July 18, 1993. Moin Qureshi who was accused by many circles of being an American implanted man,became caretaker prime minister, and was succeeded shortly thereafter by Benazir Bhutto, who was elected to office on October 19, 1993.

[edit] Second term

Sharif was re-elected Prime Minister in 1997.^[5]

In August 1997, Sharif signed the Anti-Terrorist Act which established Anti Terrorism Courts (ATC). The act was judged in 1998 unconstitutional by the Supreme Court (Merham Ali vs Pakistan).

[edit] Relations with the military

Nawaz Sharif principally rose to prominence as a staunch proponent of the military government of President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq during the 1980s, especially maintaining ties with Lieutenant General Jilani and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee Rahimuddin Khan. His political career was further facilitated by the military's tilt towards his right-wing inclinations; ISI Director-General Hamid Gul having played a substantial role in the formation of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad, the conservative political alliance that brought Sharif to power in 1990.

Despite this, Sharif's first term as prime minister saw himself fall out with three successive army chiefs: with General Mirza Aslam Beg over the 1991 Gulf War issue; with General Asif Nawaz over the Sindh "Operation Clean-Up" issue; and with General Abdul Waheed Kakar over the Sharif-Ishaq imbroglio.

It was under Abdul Waheed Kakar that Nawaz Sharif along with the then President of Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq Khan were forced to resign in 1992-93. At the end of General Waheed’s three-year term in January 1996, General Jehangir Karamat was appointed army chief. His term was due to end on January 9, 1999. In October 1998, however, Sharif fell out with General Karamat as well, over the latter’s advocacy of the need for the creation of a "National Security Council" in what Sharif believed was a conspiracy to return the military to a more active role in Pakistani politics. Before that Sharif dismissed the Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Mansur Ul Haq.

In October 1998, General Karamat resigned and Sharif appointed General Pervez Musharraf as army chief. General Jehangir Karamat was seen by many as a straight person who compromised himself and stood for the wishes of the Prime Minister. Sharif would later regret appointing Pervez Musharraf to the Chief of Army position, as Musharraf would lead a coup to topple Sharif's government.

Both Nisar Khan, a Nawaz league leader whose brother was defence secretary and Shehbaz Sharif claim they arranged Musharraf's appointment. Nisar was later interned.

[edit] Pakistan's nuclear tests

Perhaps one of the most turning point in his political career was Pakistan's nuclear tests. It was during his term that Pakistan carried out its successful nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, and on May, 30, 1998, in response to the Indian detonation of five nuclear devices roughly two weeks before. When India tested its nuclear tests second time, it caused a great alarm in Pakistan. The situation became more critical when Nawaz Sharif, as then-Prime Minister of Pakistan, came into immense public pressure from Pakistani civil society to replied India by detonating Pakistan's nuclear devices. Nawaz held a secret meeting with Pakistani nuclear scientists and it was decided there to conduct country's first nuclear tests. Nawaz also high-alerted Pakistan Armed Forces inorder to defend country's nuclear installations.

On May 28, 1998, the Nawaz government justified the tests on national security grounds, as they demonstrated Pakistan's nuclear deterrent capabilities against an armed Indian nuclear program. Under Nawaz Sharif's leadership, Pakistan became the first Islamic country having Nuclear Power and became the 7th nation to become a nuclear power.

The Nawaz Government proclaimed an emergency on the same day as these nuclear tests were conducted. All fundamental rights were suspended and all the foreign currency accounts in Pakistani banks were frozen to minimize the effects of economic sanctions. This move was not welcomed by all sections of depositors and further deteriorated the investors and people's confidence. The foreign exchange reserves fell even further.

[edit] The Lahore Declaration

In 1999, Nawaz Sharif met with Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the Wagah border and a joint communique, known as the Lahore Declaration, was signed between the two leaders.^[6]

[edit] Kargil Conflict

Nawaz Sharif was Prime Minister during the Kargil War in 1999. Sharif claimed to have no knowledge of the planned attacks, saying that Perez Musharraf acted alone.^[7] In 2009, however, a former Pakistani military official came forward and stated that Nawaz Sharif not only knew about the plans beforehand, but gave tacit approval for them.^[8]

[edit] Proposition of an Islamic society based on the Quran

On August 29, 1998 then Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif proposed a law to create an Islamic order in Pakistan and establish a legal system based on the Quran and the Sunnat.^[9] Sharif told Pakistanis that the proposed Shariat Bill was a charter of duties and not power. This came a week after Sharif informally announced the measure during the commemoration the late President Zia ul-Haq's 10-year death anniversary on August 17. On October 8, 1998 Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif presented the Shariat Bill in the National Assembly. The Cabinet decided to present the bill on October 9, after removing some of its controversial aspects.^[10][11]

The Pakistani government approved and passed the bill on October 10, 1998. After the vote, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said: "I congratulate the nation on the passage of the bill which will help create a truly Islamic system". The amendment, which was passed by the National Assembly by 151 votes to 16, was then passed to the upper house of parliament for a final vote.^[12] Two-thirds majority was needed for passage in the Senate, the upper chamber. On January 16, 1999 the Nawaz Sharif Government imposed Islamic law in the traditional tribal areas of the north-west straddling the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, vowing to impose it throughout the country.^[13] However, the amendment would fail in the senate and before Nawaz Sharif would recover from that setback, his government was summarily dismissed by a military coup.

[edit] Military coup

See: 1999 Pakistani coup d'état

On October 12, 1999, Sharif removed Musharraf as army chief. Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, boarded a commercial airliner to return to Pakistan. Sharif ordered the Karachi airport sealed off to prevent the landing of the airliner, and ordered it to land at Nawab Shah Airport, but Musharraf contacted top army generals who took over the country and ousted Sharif's administration. Musharraf assumed control of the government.^[14]

[edit] Hijacking and terrorism conviction

Sharif was convicted of hijacking and terrorism after he blocked Pervez Musharraf from landing his plane in Karachi in lieu of dismissing him from his post as Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army post.^[15]

In 2009, Pakistan's Supreme Court barred Sharif from holding public office in this case.^[16]

[edit] Corruption conviction

Sharif was charged, and convicted in 2000 for corruption for failing to report and pay taxes on a helicopter worth at least $1 million. The ‎Court sentenced Sharif to fourteen years imprisonment, a fine of 20 million rupees, and barred him from holding public office for twenty-one years.^[17]

[edit] Return to Pakistan 2007

On September 7, 2007, Justice Shabbir Hussain Chatha ordered police to arrest Shahbaz Sharif, brother of Nawaz Sharif and produce him before the court, after the hearing in Lahore. The court ruled that "Shahbaz Sharif should be arrested (at) whichever airport he lands at". Nawaz Sharif also faced detention on the pair's planned return from exile to Pakistan on September 10, 2007, to challenge President Pervez Musharraf's eight-year military rule.^[18]

On September 10, Nawaz Sharif arrived in Islamabad on a Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) flight from London but was prevented from leaving the plane as the authorities at the Islamabad Airport wanted to escort him to the arrival lounge. The rest of the passengers on board were allowed to deplane, and negotiations began with Sharif as he, along with his few supporters, did not want an escort and wanted to deplane themselves.

Sharif finally agreed to be taken out of the plane, and was taken to the arrival lounge and upon his arrival there he was approached by the National Accountability Bureau chief who issued a warrant due to corruption charges made against him. After that, Nawaz Sharif boarded another airliner to be exiled back to Saudi Arabia. "He has been sent back", a senior security official told Agence France-Presse, as local television showed a PIA airplane carrying the deported Sharif from Islamabad airport.^[19]

Later on September 10, Nawaz Sharif landed at Jeddah airport and was greeted by Saudi intelligence chief Prince Miqren bin Abdul Aziz. Pakistan's Religious Affairs Minister Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq stated that "He has not only embarrassed Pakistan but also the leadership of Saudi Arabia by violating the agreement." Although Nawaz Sharif had denied the existence of any 'exile deal' with the government before his homecoming, he later admitted that there was an agreement but that it was for only five years.^[20]

On presenting him before the Court, the European Union asked the Pakistani government to respect the court ruling. In Washington, D.C., Sean McCormack of the White House (joined by India) stated that the deportation was an "internal matter" but said that elections should be "free and fair" (but expressing mild disapproval of Pervez Musharraf's action). But the United States organisation Human Rights Watch accused the Pakistan Government of violating international law. Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League condemned the deportation by filing a contempt suit in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. His brother Shahbaz Sharif was due to travel with Sharif from London but changed his plans at the last minute.^[21][22] On November 25, 2007, several weeks after the return of Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif was able to return to Pakistan. He was not arrested and, like Bhutto, was able to return to political activity.

A private television channel allegedly reported that Nawaz's media manager Pervaiz Rasheed seized tapes and intimidated their staff after Nawaz lost his temper in an interview. According to the director news of the private TV channel in a press conference, they had been held in hostage during an interview with former PM Nawaz Sharif. He (Nawaz) had also used unbecoming language against President Pervaiz Musharraf and PML(Q) top leaders while answering one of his questions.^[20]

[edit] 2008 elections

On November 26, 2007, Nawaz Sharif filed for the January Parliamentary elections. He handed in his papers in Lahore filing for two parliamentary seats.^{[citation needed]}

Mr Sharif announced his party's manifesto being a single demand for the restoration of the judges sacked in November by President Musharraf. Ms Bhutto however said that this is an issue that the new parliament can decide on.^{[23][24][not in citation given]}

[edit] Assassination of Benazir Bhutto

On December 27, in a CNN interview just hours after the assassination of former Pakistan Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, Sharif said:

“

It is not a sad day, it is a dark, darkest, gloomiest day in the history of this country. [2]

”

Sharif called Bhutto his sister and vowed to avenge her death.^[25]

However after the death of Bhutto, Sharif met with Zardari and advised him to boycott elections. Asif Zardari refused the offer and offered Nawaz to take part in the elections arguing that the opposition parties would definitely win after this chain of unfortunate events in the country and mishandling of issues by the government. Nawaz accepted the offer and announced it publicly in a press conference. He gave the reason that in order to bring the President's government down the whole opposition must assemble and move in one direction.

On Monday, February 18 the PML (N) dominated the Punjab assembly and won 68 seats out of 272 from the National Assembly finishing second, directly behind the PPP (Bhutto/Zardari's party) at 88. However, after adding the reserved seats for women and minorities, total number rose to 91. The results became clear on February 19. His massive victory in Punjab was met by a festive mood. Later that day in a press conference he said that he would welcome the political leaders back to the parent party who had left his party and joined the PML (Q). Former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Asif Ali Zardari, the husband of slain former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto told February 21, 2008 their parties will work together in the national parliament after scoring big wins in the 2008 election.^[26]

On Tuesday, February 26, 2008, Nawaz announced that he and his brother Shabaz Sharif would run in by-elections upcoming in the country within the next few weeks, to become Members of Parliament, since they have no restrictions against them. the PML (N) left it to the PPP to chose a Prime Minister, since they agreed on forming a coalition government.

Nawaz Sharif has challenged the petition filed by the federal government against the acceptance of Mr Sharif’s candidature for National Assembly seat-121.^[27] Ashtar Ausaf Ali, former Advocate General of Punjab, is the lawyer representing Nawaz Sharif.

The Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) and the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) on June 27, 2008, won 3 and 2 by-election seats, respectively, to the national parliament. Polls were postponed for the 6th seat in Lahore due to Nawaz Sharif's eligibility contest. A court ruled he was ineligible due to the old conviction, amid the government appeal in the Supreme Court, which will hear the case on June 30, thus postponing the vote in the constituency.^[28] The two parties also won 19 of 23 provincial assembly seats where by-elections were held. The results will not affect the February 18 general election results in which Benazir Bhutto's PPP won 123 seats in the 342-seat National Assembly and Sharif's party came second with 91, while PML-Q which supported Pervez Musharraf came a poor third with 54 seats. Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) won 8 provincial assembly seats, while the PPP won 7 provincial seats.^[29][30]

[edit] Resignations from the Coalition Government

On May 12, PML (N) announced it was leaving the government after its failure to reinstate the judges; its ministers resigned.

[edit] 2008 Musharraf impeachment

On August 7, 2008, the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League (N) agreed to force Musharraf to step down and begin his impeachment. Asif Ali Zardari and Nawaz Sharif, announced sending a formal request or joint charge sheet that he steps down, and impeach him through parliamentary process upon refusal. Musharraf, however, said: “I will defeat those who try to push me to the wall. If they use their right to oust me, I have the right to defend myself."^[31] Pervez Musharraf, accordingly delayed his departure for the Beijing Olympics, by a day.^[32] A senior coalition official told Reuters: "Yes, we have agreed in principle to impeach him."^[33] The draft of the ruling coalition’s joint statement had been finalized by the draft Committee, and Musharraf must obtain vote of confidence from the National Assembly and 4 provincial assemblies.^[34] The government summoned the national assembly, or lower house of parliament, to sit on August 11.^[35] Capt. Wasif Syed, spokesman for the Pakistan Peoples Party, confirmed: "A decision has been made that he has to go now, and all the parties have agreed on this point".^[36]

On 18 August 2008, Musharraf resigned as President of Pakistan. He said he was resigning for the country.

[edit] Presidential election

Pakistan's Election Commission on August 22 announced that Presidential elections would be held on September 6, and the nomination papers could be filed from August 26.^[37] The president is elected by the 2 houses of parliament and the 4 provincial assemblies.^[38] There was speculation that Nawaz Sharif would run for President, but on August 25, 2008, Nawaz Sharif announced that Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui would be the Pakistan Muslim League (N) nominee to replace Pervez Musharraf as President of Pakistan.^[39] Siddiqui was defeated by Asif Ali Zardari for the presidency.

[edit] Reinstatement of Judges

Nawaz Sharif stated in Lahore that: "I want to inform the entire nation that on Monday 12 May 2008, all deposed judges will be restored; the national assembly will approve a resolution the same day." The judges include Iftikhar Chaudhry, Supreme Court Chief Justice, and President Musharraf sacked 60 judges under the state of emergency. On 12 May 2008 the day that PML-N leader Nawaz Sharif stated that the deposed judges sacked under President Musharraf's emergency rule last November, would be reinstated, Mr Sharif over the weekend beginning 9 - 11 May met PPP Partner Asif Ali Zardari in London to discuss the deadlock and the official date of when the judges would be reinstated, but the meetings dissolved, with no agreement that both party officials could agree upon. Returning to Islamabad Nawaz spoke to media mogul Geo Television Network and announced that he is withdrawing his party members from the federal government(cabinet) and effectively resigning from the coalition government.

After repeated meetings with the ruling party, and refusal by the president to restore the deposed judges, Sharif decided to join the lawyers movement planned on completion of two years of first dismissal of chief justice on March 9, 2007. the plan was to start a long march from Karachi and Quetta simultaneously on March 12, 2009 reaching Islamabad and staging a permanent sit-in till restoration of all deposed judges. The government got very confused, with initially house arresting Sharif and other prominent lawyers, and raising the greatest ever road blocks by placing containers all over the road to islamabad. there was no way anyone could get in or out of the twin cities of rawalpindi-islamabad, even not the ambulances carrying sick. When the long march picked up peak of tempo, with civil society joining the lawyers and politicians, it was at 0652 a.m.(PST, 16 March, i.e., before the start of planned sit-in) that the Prime Minister after obtaining the President's approval(amidst long meetings of army chief with them) announced restoration of judges with immediate effect. thus, sharif was made a hero for restoration of original judiciary despite so many odds.

[edit] Ineligibility to contest

In early 2009, Pakistan's Supreme Court barred Nawaz Sharif from contesting elections or holding public office, sparking widespread protests and disorder in some parts of the Punjab province.^[40] Sharif planned to attend a banned political rally in Islamabad on 16 March 2009, but was instead placed under house arrest.^[41] He duped police standing outside his door and went to attend the famous long march in Islamabad. In the mean time the Pakistani Government announced to appeal against the disqualification of Sharif brothers from contesting election and occupying public office. The next day Government agreed to reinstate the deposed judges of the Supreme Court after which Shariff gave his consent to call off his long march. After this whole political deadlock Nawaz Sharif emerged as popular personality in the politics of Pakistan.

On Friday July 17, 2009 A five-member larger bench of the Supreme Court announced the brief verdict on Nawaz Sharif’s appeal against his conviction in the plane hijacking case.^[42]

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Pml(N)Official website
• [3]
• US weighs Nawaz As Possible Partner: Report
• Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Group) Pakistan
• Watch latest Videos and Interviews of Nawaz Sharif
• PMLN site
• Nawaz Sharif becomes Prime Minister
• BBC Profile of Nawaz Sharif
• Nawaz Sharif's Life Story (Urdu)
• Nawaz Sharif took about US$500,000 from Osama bin Ladin for elections
• BBC, Timeline: Pakistan's political rivals
• Lahore High Court disqualifies Nawaz from contesting by-polls June 23, 2008

Political offices
Preceded by Nawab Sadiq Hussain Qureshi	Chief Minister of Punjab 9 April 1985–13 August 1990	Succeeded by Ghulam Haider Wyne
Preceded by Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (Caretaker)	Prime Minister of Pakistan 6 November 1990–18 April 1993	Succeeded by Balakh Sher Mazari (Caretaker) followed by Nawaz Sharif
Preceded by Balakh Sher Mazari (Caretaker)	Prime Minister of Pakistan 26 May 1993–18 July 1993 Restored	Succeeded by Moin Qureshi (Caretaker) followed by Benazir Bhutto
Preceded by Malik Meraj Khalid (Caretaker)	Prime Minister of Pakistan 17 February 1997–12 October 1999	Succeeded by Zafarullah Khan Jamali
Party political offices
Preceded by Fida Mohammad Khan	President of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) 1993-2002	Succeeded by Shahbaz Sharif

v • d • e Prime Ministers of Pakistan L.A. Khan · K. Nazimuddin · M.A. Bogra · C.M. Ali · H.S. Suhrawardy · I.I. Chundrigar · F.K. Noon · N. Amin · Z.A. Bhutto · M.K. Junejo · B. Bhutto · G.M. Jatoi · N. Sharif · B.S. Mazari(Caretaker) · N. Sharif · M.A. Qureshi(Caretaker) · B. Bhutto · M.M. Khalid(Caretaker) · N. Sharif · Z.K. Jamali · C.S. Hussain · S. Aziz · M.M. Soomro(Caretaker) · Y.R. Gillani

v • d • e    The Regime of Zia-ul-Haq 1977 - 1988   Domestic initiatives Ascent by coup · Islamization · Trial of Bhutto · '80s economic boom · Rahimuddin's governorship of Balochistan · Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan · Nuclear program consolidation · Ojhri Camp disaster · Assassination of Zia · 1988 elections Administration Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq · Muhammad Khan Junejo · Ghulam Ishaq Khan · Mirza Aslam Beg · Akhtar Abdur Rahman · Hamid Gul · Sahabzada Yaqub Khan · Rahimuddin Khan · Fazle Haq · Khalid Mahmud Arif · Sharifuddin Pirzada · Nawaz Sharif · Mahbub ul Haq National parties Allies Pakistan Muslim League · Jamaat-e-Islami · Mohajir Qaumi Movement Opposition Pakistan Peoples Party · Al-Zulfiqar · Movement for Restoration of Democracy Platform successors Pakistan Muslim League (N) · Pakistan Muslim League (Q)  · Pakistan Muslim League (Z) · Islami Jamhoori Ittehad now defunct Foreign front Involvement in events Soviet war in Afghanistan · Subsidization of mujahideen · Siachen conflict · Indian allegations of aiding Khalistan · Refusal to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty · Geneva Accords signing · Theories of external involvement in Zia crash Aligned entities United States · Carter administration · Reagan Administration · Central Intelligence Agency  · United Kingdom  · Thatcher government  · Saudi Arabia · People's Republic of China · Afghan mujahideen Disputers Republic of Afghanistan · People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan · KHAD · India · Soviet Union · Amnesty International